Diabetic retinopathy
Coronary heart disease
Care of the diabetic foot
      Heart failure  

 
Viewpoints
Diabetic retinopathy


References


Summary
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Who gets diabetic retinopathy?
Influencing factors?
Eye examination frequency?
How is diabetic retinopathy detected?
What are the signs to look out for?
What treatment is available?
Contraindications to treatment
References



Akiba J, Arzabe CW, Trempe CL. Posterior vitreous detachment and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1990;97:889-91.

Aldingham SJ, Kohner EM, Nugent Z. Retinopathy at entry in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) of maturity onset diabetes. Diabet Med 1987;4:355.

Burnett S, Davey C. Diabetic retinal screening in the UK. J R Soc Med 2001;94:127-9.

Chase HP, Garg SK, Marshall G. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of albuminuria among subjects with Type 1 diabetes. JAMA 1992;265:614-17.

Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris III FL, et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:1079-84.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes four years after trial of intensive therapy. New Engl J Med 2000;342:381-389.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86.

Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. 1st ed. Hamilton AMP, Ulbig MW, Polkinghorne P (eds). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1996;1-15.

Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Effects of aspirin treatment on diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 8. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5 Suppl):757-65.

Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM at least 4-7 years before clinical diagnosis. Diabet Med 1992;15:815-9.

Harris MI. Undiagnosed NIDDM: Clinical and public health issues. Diabetes Care 1993;4:646-52.

Jain IS, Luthra CL, Das T. Beneficial effect of myopia on diabetic retinopathy. J All India Ophthalmol Soc 1965;13:88-94.

Klein BEK, Moss SE, Klein R. Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1990;13:34-40.

Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:520-6.

Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:527-32.

Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1464-74.

Klein R. The epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy: Findings from The Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987;27:230-8.

Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1992;99:926-32.

Schatz H, Atienza D, McDonald HR, Johnson RN. Severe diabetic retinopathy after cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:314-21.

Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-12.

Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, et al. UKPDS 50: Risk factors for the incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001;44:156-63.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and the risk of complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 33. Lancet 1998;352:837-53.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13.

Young RJ, McCulloch DK, Prescott RJ, Clarke BF. Alcohol: another risk factor for diabetic retinopathy? BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984;288:1035-7.

 

Previous


Return to Viewpoints homepage

 

 

 
Print this page
   
  Add to Favourites
   

Top of page | Home